The publishing world has expanded dramatically in recent years, giving authors more options than ever before to get their work into the world. But with this growth has come a new wave of publishing scams—predatory companies and individuals who promise the world but deliver little more than a drained bank account and a frustrating experience.

At Midnight Publishing, we’ve worked with authors for over a decade to edit, polish, and publish their books—whether they’re self-publishing, traditionally publishing, or seeking a hybrid route. One of the most important services we provide is educating authors on how to avoid scams and navigate this ever-changing landscape with confidence.

If you’re feeling overwhelmed by all the choices, this guide is here to help.

A Quick History: From Vanity Presses to Modern-Day Pitfalls

For years, the biggest red flag in the publishing industry was the vanity press—a company that charged authors to publish their book, but often kept the copyright, assigned its own ISBNs, and paid little or no royalties. Authors who signed with vanity publishers frequently found themselves locked into long contracts with no ownership over their own work.

Thankfully, the rise of self-publishing, freelance publishing professionals, and legitimate hybrid publishers has created better alternatives. But the lines have blurred—and many scams now disguise themselves as hybrid publishers, using convincing language, slick websites, and aggressive sales tactics.

What Is a Legitimate Hybrid Publisher?

A true hybrid publisher offers professional services like editing, design, and distribution in exchange for an upfront investment, but still allows the author to retain their rights and royalties. These are not vanity presses in disguise—they’re real publishing partners. But how do you tell the difference?

In 2024, the Independent Book Publishers Association (IBPA) updated its standards to include 13 criteria that define a legitimate hybrid publisher.

IBPA’s 13 Criteria for Legitimate Hybrid Publishers

A true hybrid publisher must:

1. Define a clear mission and vision for its publishing program.
2. Vet submissions. Books are accepted based on quality—not just payment.
3. Publish under its own imprint(s) and assign its own ISBNs.
4. Publish to professional standards in editing, design, and production.
5. Ensure high-quality editorial and production services.
6. Execute a marketing and publicity strategy for every book.
7. Publish multiple authors per year.
8. Report sales and pay royalties regularly and transparently.
9. Distribute books through traditional channels (not just through their own website).
10. Provide a clear, negotiable contract.
11. Openly disclose their model and costs on their website.
12. Allow the author to retain copyright.
13. Give authors meaningful input into the editorial and production process.

You can read the full criteria on the IBPA website.

Red Flags and What to Watch Out For

Whether you’re exploring hybrid options or fielding a surprise “offer” from a supposed publisher, keep this in mind:

• Legitimate publishers and agents will not cold-call or cold-email you.
• Never pay an agent or publisher upfront to “read” your manuscript.
• Be cautious of any company that promises guaranteed book deals, bestseller status, or media placements in exchange for money.
• Be wary of vague marketing promises, especially from companies that also offer editorial services in-house (which creates a conflict of interest).

Trusted Resources for Vetting Publishers and Avoiding Scams

• Writer Beware – Run by author Victoria Strauss and sponsored by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association, this blog exposes scams, red flags, and unethical practices in publishing.
• ALLi Watchdog Service – From the Alliance of Independent Authors, this is a vetted directory of service providers ranked by ethical standards.
• Reedsy’s Marketplace – A platform connecting authors with vetted freelance professionals for editing, design, and marketing support.
• Preditors & Editors (via Facebook) – Though no longer updated as a full site, the legacy content and warnings are still relevant.

What to Ask Before Signing a Publishing Agreement

• Who owns the copyright?
• What is the royalty split and payment schedule?
• Who is responsible for marketing and distribution?
• Is there a clear list of deliverables for editing, design, and printing?
• Are there additional costs beyond the initial fee?
• Will the publisher assign their own ISBN, or can I use mine?
• Can I speak to past or current authors?

If they can’t (or won’t) answer these questions clearly, it’s a sign to walk away.

Final Thoughts: Do Your Homework, and Trust Your Gut

Publishing your book is a thrilling and vulnerable process. It’s natural to want support—but don’t let that desire make you an easy target for scammers. Take your time. Ask questions. And lean on trusted editorial partners like Midnight Publishing who can guide you through the process.

We’re here to help you bring your book to life—with clarity, confidence, and industry know-how.

Need an editor, ghostwriter, or publishing strategy consult? Contact us today for a free sample edit and a conversation about your publishing goals.